[Plura-list] MIT libraries are thriving without Elsevier
Cory Doctorow
doctorow at craphound.com
Fri Aug 16 11:51:17 EDT 2024
Read today's issue online at: https://pluralistic.net/2024/08/16/the-public-sphere/
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I'm coming to BURNING MAN! On TUESDAY (Aug 27) at 1PM, I'm giving a talk called "DISENSHITTIFY OR DIE!" at PALENQUE NORTE (7&E). On WEDNESDAY (Aug 28) at NOON, I'm doing a "Talking Caterpillar" Q&A at LIMINAL LABS (830&C).
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Today's links
* MIT libraries are thriving without Elsevier: $2 million here, $2 million there, pretty soon you're talking real money.
* Hey look at this: Delights to delectate.
* This day in history: 2009, 2019, 2023
* Upcoming appearances: Where to find me.
* Recent appearances: Where I've been.
* Latest books: You keep readin' em, I'll keep writin' 'em.
* Upcoming books: Like I said, I'll keep writin' 'em.
* Colophon: All the rest.
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🏰 MIT libraries are thriving without Elsevier
Once you learn about the "collective action problem," you start seeing it everywhere. Democrats - including elected officials - all wanted Biden to step down, but none of them wanted to be the first one to take a firm stand, so for months, his campaign limped on: a collective action problem.
Patent trolls use bullshit patents to shake down small businesses, demanding "license fees" that are high, but much lower than the cost of challenging the patent and getting it revoked. Collectively, it would be *much* cheaper for all the victims to band together and hire a fancy law firm to invalidate the patent, but individually, it makes sense for them all to pay. A collective action problem:
https://locusmag.com/2013/11/cory-doctorow-collective-action/
Musicians get *royally* screwed by Spotify. Collectively, it would make sense for all of them to boycott the platform, which would bring it to its knees and either make it pay more or put it out of business. Individually, any musician who pulls out of Spotify disappears from the horizon of most music fans, so they all hang in - a collective action problem:
https://pluralistic.net/2024/06/21/off-the-menu/#universally-loathed
Same goes for the businesses that get fucked out of 30% of their app revenues by Apple and Google's mobile business. Without all those apps, Apple and Google wouldn't have a business, but any single app that pulls out commits commercial suicide, so they all hang in there, paying a 30% vig:
https://pluralistic.net/2024/08/15/private-law/#thirty-percent-vig
That's also the case with Amazon sellers, who get rooked for 45-51 cents out of every dollar in platform junk fees, and whose prize for succeeding despite this is to have their product cloned by Amazon, which underprices them because *it* doesn't have to pay a 51% rake on every sale. Without third-party sellers there'd be no Amazon, but it's impossible to get millions of sellers to all pull out at once, so the Bezos crime family scoops up *half* of the ecommerce economy in bullshit fees:
https://pluralistic.net/2023/11/06/attention-rents/#consumer-welfare-queens
This is why one definition of "corruption" is a system with "concentrated gains and diffuse losses." The company that dumps toxic waste in your water supply reaps all the profits of externalizing its waste disposal costs. The people it poisons each bear a fraction of the cost of being poisoned. The environmental criminal has a fat warchest of ill-gotten gains to use to bribe officials and pay fancy lawyers to defend it in court. Its victims are each struggling with the health effects of the crimes, and even without that, they can't possibly match the polluter's resources. Eventually, the polluter spends enough money to convince the Supreme Court to overturn "Chevron deference" and makes it effectively impossible to win the right to clean water and air (or a planet that's not on fire):
https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/us-supreme-courts-chevron-deference-ruling-will-disrupt-climate-policy
Any time you encounter a shitty, outrageous racket that's stable over long timescales, chances are you're looking at a collective action problem. Certainly, that's the underlying pathology that preserves the scholarly publishing scam, which is one of the most grotesque, wasteful, disgusting frauds in our modern world (and that's saying something, because the field is crowded with many contenders).
Here's how the scholarly publishing scam works: academics do original scholarly research, funded by a mix of private grants, public funding, funding from their universities and other institutions, and private funds. These academics write up their funding and send it to a scholarly journal, usually one that's owned by a small number of firms that formed a scholarly publishing cartel by buying all the smaller publishers in a string of anticompetitive acquisitions. Then, other scholars review the submission, for free. More unpaid scholars do the work of editing the paper. The paper's author is sent a non-negotiable contract that requires them to permanently assign their copyright to the journal, again, for free. Finally, the paper is published, and the institution that *paid the researcher to do the original research* has to pay again - sometimes tens of thousands of dollars per year! - for the journal in which it appears.
The academic publishing cartel insists that the millions it extracts from academic institutions and the billions it reaps in profit are all in service to serving as neutral, rigorous gatekeepers who ensure that only the best scholarship makes it into print. This is flatly untrue. The "editorial process" the academic publishers take credit for is virtually nonexistent: almost everything they publish is virtually unchanged from the final submission format. They're not even typesetting the paper:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00799-018-0234-1
The vetting process for peer-review is a joke. Literally: an Australian academic managed to get his *dog* appointed to the editorial boards of *seven* journals:
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/olivia-doll-predatory-journals
Far from guarding scientific publishing from scams and nonsense, the major journal publishers have stood up entire divisions *devoted* to pay-to-publish junk science. Elsevier - the largest scholarly publisher - operated a business unit that offered to publish fake journals full of unreveiwed "advertorial" papers written by pharma companies, packaged to look like a real journal:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090504075453/http://blog.bioethics.net/2009/05/merck-makes-phony-peerreview-journal/
Naturally, academics and their institutions *hate* this system. Not only is it purely parasitic on their labor, it also serves as a massive brake on scholarly progress, by excluding independent researchers, academics at small institutions, and scholars living in the global south from accessing the work of their peers. The publishers enforce this exclusion without mercy or proportion. Take Diego Gomez, a Colombian Masters candidate who faced *eight years in prison* for accessing a *single* paywalled academic paper:
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/07/colombian-student-faces-prison-charges-sharing-academic-article-online
And of course, there's Aaron Swartz, the young activist and Harvard-affiliated computer scientist who was hounded to death after he accessed - but did not publish - papers from MIT's JSTOR library. Aaron had permission to access these papers, but JSTOR, MIT, and the prosecutors Stephen Heymann and Carmen Ortiz argued that because he used a small computer program to access the papers (rather than clicking on each link by hand) he had committed *13 felonies*. They threatened him with more than 30 years in prison, and drew out the proceedings until Aaron was out of funds. Aaron hanged himself in 2013:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz
Academics know all this terrible stuff is going on, but they are trapped in a collective action problem. For an academic to advance in their field, they have to publish, and they have to get their work cited. Academics all try to publish in the big prestige journals - which also come with the highest price-tag for their institutions - because those are the journals other academics read, which means that getting published is top journal increases the likelihood that another academic will find and cite your work.
If academics could all agree to prioritize other journals for reading, then they could also prioritize other journals for submissions. If they could all prioritize other journals for submissions, they could all prioritize other journals for reading. Instead, they all hold one another hostage, through a wicked collective action problem that holds back science, starves their institutions of funding, and puts their colleagues at risk of *imprisonment*.
Despite this structural barrier, academics have fought tirelessly to escape the event horizon of scholarly publishing's monopoly black hole. They avidly supported "open access" publishers (most notably PLoS), and while these publishers carved out pockets for free-to-access, high quality work, the scholarly publishing cartel struck back with package deals that bundled their predatory "open access" journals in with their traditional journals. Academics had to pay *twice* for these journals: first, their institutions paid for the package that included them, then the scholars had to pay open access submission fees meant to cover the costs of editing, formatting, etc - all that stuff that basically doesn't exist.
Academics started putting "preprints" of their work on the web, and for a while, it looked like the big preprint archive sites could mount a credible challenge to the scholarly publishing cartel. So the cartel members bought the preprint sites, as when Elsevier bought out SSRN:
https://www.techdirt.com/2016/05/17/disappointing-elsevier-buys-open-access-academic-pre-publisher-ssrn/
Academics were elated in 2011, when Alexandra Elbakyan founded Sci-Hub, a shadow library that aims to make the entire corpus of scholarly work available without barrier, fear or favor:
https://sci-hub.ru/alexandra
Sci-Hub neutralized much of the collective action trap: once an article was available on Sci-Hub, it became much easier for other scholars to locate and cite, which reduced the case for paying for, or publishing in, the cartel's journals:
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.14979
The scholarly publishing cartel fought back viciously, suing Elbakyan and Sci-Hub for tens of millions of dollars. Elsevier targeted prepress sites like academia.edu with copyright threats, ordering them to remove scholarly papers that linked to Sci-Hub:
https://svpow.com/2013/12/06/elsevier-is-taking-down-papers-from-academia-edu/
This was extremely (if darkly) funny, because Elsevier's own publications are *full* of citations to Sci-Hub:
https://eve.gd/2019/08/03/elsevier-threatens-others-for-linking-to-sci-hub-but-does-it-itself/
Meanwhile, scholars kept the pressure up. Tens of thousands of scholars pledged to stop submitting their work to Elsevier:
http://thecostofknowledge.com/
Academics at the very tops of their fields publicly resigned from the editorial board of leading Elsevier journals, and published editorials calling the Elsevier model unethical:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/may/16/system-profit-access-research
And the *New Scientist* called the racket "indefensible," decrying the it as an industry that made restricting access to knowledge "more profitable than oil":
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24032052-900-time-to-break-academic-publishings-stranglehold-on-research/
But the real progress came when academics convinced their *institutions*, rather than one another, to do something about these predator publishers. First came funders, private and public, who announced that they would only fund open access work:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06178-7
Winning over major funders cleared the way for open access advocates worked both the supply-side *and* the buy-side. In 2019, the entire University of California system announced it would be cutting *all* of its Elsevier subscriptions:
https://www.science.org/content/article/university-california-boycotts-publishing-giant-elsevier-over-journal-costs-and-open
Emboldened by the UC system's principled action, MIT followed suit in 2020, announcing that it would no longer send $2m every year to Elsevier:
https://pluralistic.net/2020/06/12/digital-feudalism/#nerdfight
It's been four years since MIT's decision to boycott Elsevier, and things are going *great*. The open access consortium SPARC just published a stocktaking of MIT libraries without Elsevier:
https://sparcopen.org/our-work/big-deal-knowledge-base/unbundling-profiles/mit-libraries/
How are MIT's academics getting by without Elsevier in the stacks? Just fine. If someone at MIT needs access to an Elsevier paper, they can usually access it by asking the researchers to email it to them, or by downloading it from the researcher's site or a prepress archive. When that fails, there's interlibrary loan, whereby other libraries will send articles to MIT's libraries within a day or two. For more pressing needs, the library buys access to individual papers through an on-demand service.
This is how things were predicted to go. The libraries used their own circulation data and the webservice Unsub to figure out what they were likely to lose by dropping Elsevier - it wasn't much!
https://unsub.org/
The MIT story shows how to break a collective action problem - through collective action! Individual scholarly boycotts did little to hurt Elsevier. Large-scale organized boycotts raised awareness, but Elsevier trundled on. Sci-Hub scared the shit out of Elsevier and raised awareness even further, but Elsevier had untold millions to spend on a campaign of legal terror against Sci-Hub and Elbakyan. But all of that, combined with high-profile defections, made it impossible for the big institutions to ignore the issue, and the funders joined the fight. Once the funders were on-side, the academic institutions could be dragged into the fight, too.
Now, Elsevier - and the cartel - is in serious danger. Automated tools - like the Authors Alliance termination of transfer tool - lets academics get the copyright to their papers back from the big journals so they can make them open access:
https://pluralistic.net/2021/09/26/take-it-back/
Unimaginably vast indices of all scholarly publishing serve as important adjuncts to direct access shadow libraries like Sci-Hub:
https://pluralistic.net/2021/10/28/clintons-ghost/#cornucopia-concordance
Collective action problems are never easy to solve, but they're impossible to address through atomized, individual action. It's only when we act as a collective that we can defeat the corruption - the concentrated gains and diffuse losses - that allow greedy, unscrupulous corporations to steal from us, wreck our lives and even imprison us.
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🏰 Hey look at this
* The West Bank: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqK3_n6pdDY
* The UAW Is Now a Chief Antagonist of Donald Trump https://jacobin.com/2024/08/uaw-fain-trump-musk-unions/
* AI has all the answers – even the wrong ones https://timharford.com/2024/08/ai-has-all-the-answers-even-the-wrong-ones/
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🏰 This day in history
#15yrsago RECAP, a Firefox plugin that frees US caselaw one page at a time https://web.archive.org/web/20100106195800/https://www.recapthelaw.org/
#15yrsago Buddy Holly is Alive and Well on Ganymede, free download https://memex.craphound.com/2009/08/14/buddy-holly-is-alive-and-well-on-ganymede-free-download/
#5yrsago Schadenfreude watch: Porno copyright trolls’ investors sue, say the grifters they backed stole their money (the grifters say their lawyer stole the money from them first!) https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/malibu-media-litigious-porn-studio-sued-allegedly-cheating-financiers-1231192/
#5yrsago Manhattan DA served Google with a “reverse search warrant” in a bid to prosecute antifa protesters https://www.thedailybeast.com/manhattan-da-cy-vance-made-google-give-up-info-on-everyone-in-area-in-hunt-for-antifa-after-proud-boys-fight
#5yrsago Training bias in AI “hate speech detector” means that tweets by Black people are far more likely to be censored https://maartensap.com/pdfs/sap2019risk.pdf
#5yrsago My appearance on the MMT podcast: compelling narratives as a means of advancing complex political and economic ideas https://pileusmmt.libsyn.com/26-cory-doctorow-radicalize-this-part-1
#5yrsago Ohio State University files for a trademark on “THE” https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=88571984&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch
#5yrsago Grounded teen evades device confiscation by tweeting from the smart-fridge https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/aug/13/teen-smart-fridge-twitter-grounded
#1yrago Open Circuits: The hidden beauty of electronics components https://pluralistic.net/2023/08/14/hidden-worlds/#making-the-invisible-visible-and-beautiful
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🏰 Upcoming appearances
* Launch for Madeline Ashby's *Glass Houses* at Chevalier's Books (LA), Aug 16
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/book-talk-madeline-ashbys-glass-houses-tickets-965286486867
* Disenshittify or die! (Burning Man, Palenque Norte, 7&E), Aug 27, 13h
* Talking caterpillar Q&A (Burning Man, Liminal Labs, 830&C), Aug 28, 12h
* Albacon (Albany/remote), Sep 13-15
https://albacon.org/2024/
* TusCon (Tucson), Nov 8-10
https://tusconscificon.com/
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🏰 Recent appearances
* Tech Rights & The Future of Privacy (Synthetic Minds)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iD5iAV1YmO4
* Enzittification with Ed Zitron & Brian Merchant
https://omny.fm/shows/better-offline/enzittification-with-cory-doctorow-brian-merchant
* The Paradigm Shift
https://paradigm-shift-on-4zzz.pinecast.co/episode/dbf12eaf/tech-criticism-with-cory-doctorow
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🏰 Latest books
* The Bezzle: a sequel to "Red Team Blues," about prison-tech and other grifts, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), February 2024 (the-bezzle.org). Signed, personalized copies at Dark Delicacies (https://www.darkdel.com/store/p3062/Available_Feb_20th%3A_The_Bezzle_HB.html#/).
* "The Lost Cause:" a solarpunk novel of hope in the climate emergency, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), November 2023 (http://lost-cause.org). Signed, personalized copies at Dark Delicacies (https://www.darkdel.com/store/p3007/Pre-Order_Signed_Copies%3A_The_Lost_Cause_HB.html#/)
* "The Internet Con": A nonfiction book about interoperability and Big Tech (Verso) September 2023 (http://seizethemeansofcomputation.org). Signed copies at Book Soup (https://www.booksoup.com/book/9781804291245).
* "Red Team Blues": "A grabby, compulsive thriller that will leave you knowing more about how the world works than you did before." Tor Books http://redteamblues.com. Signed copies at Dark Delicacies (US): and Forbidden Planet (UK): https://forbiddenplanet.com/385004-red-team-blues-signed-edition-hardcover/.
* "Chokepoint Capitalism: How to Beat Big Tech, Tame Big Content, and Get Artists Paid, with Rebecca Giblin", on how to unrig the markets for creative labor, Beacon Press/Scribe 2022 https://chokepointcapitalism.com
* "Attack Surface": The third Little Brother novel, a standalone technothriller for adults. The *Washington Post* called it "a political cyberthriller, vigorous, bold and savvy about the limits of revolution and resistance." Order signed, personalized copies from Dark Delicacies https://www.darkdel.com/store/p1840/Available_Now%3A_Attack_Surface.html
* "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism": an anti-monopoly pamphlet analyzing the true harms of surveillance capitalism and proposing a solution. https://onezero.medium.com/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism-8135e6744d59?sk=f6cd10e54e20a07d4c6d0f3ac011af6b) (signed copies: https://www.darkdel.com/store/p2024/Available_Now%3A__How_to_Destroy_Surveillance_Capitalism.html)
* "Little Brother/Homeland": A reissue omnibus edition with a new introduction by Edward Snowden: https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250774583; personalized/signed copies here: https://www.darkdel.com/store/p1750/July%3A__Little_Brother_%26_Homeland.html
* "Poesy the Monster Slayer" a picture book about monsters, bedtime, gender, and kicking ass. Order here: https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781626723627. Get a personalized, signed copy here: https://www.darkdel.com/store/p2682/Corey_Doctorow%3A_Poesy_the_Monster_Slayer_HB.html#/.
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🏰 Upcoming books
* Picks and Shovels: a sequel to "Red Team Blues," about the heroic era of the PC, Tor Books, February 2025
* Unauthorized Bread: a middle-grades graphic novel adapted from my novella about refugees, toasters and DRM, FirstSecond, 2025
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🏰 Colophon
Today's top sources: Jef (https://mastodon.dias.ie/@jfbucas).
Currently writing:
* Enshittification: a nonfiction book about platform decay. Today's progress: 761 words (39426 words total).
* A Little Brother short story about DIY insulin PLANNING
* Picks and Shovels, a Martin Hench noir thriller about the heroic era of the PC. FORTHCOMING TOR BOOKS JAN 2025
* Vigilant, Little Brother short story about remote invigilation. FORTHCOMING ON TOR.COM
* Spill, a Little Brother short story about pipeline protests. FORTHCOMING ON TOR.COM
Latest podcast:
AI's productivity theater https://craphound.com/news/2024/08/04/ais-productivity-theater/
This work - excluding any serialized fiction - is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. That means you can use it any way you like, including commercially, provided that you attribute it to me, Cory Doctorow, and include a link to pluralistic.net.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Quotations and images are not included in this license; they are included either under a limitation or exception to copyright, or on the basis of a separate license. Please exercise caution.
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"*When life gives you SARS, you make sarsaparilla*" -Joey "Accordion Guy" DeVilla
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